Shortcut Keys
 On most of Excels menu items you will see the shortcut key associated with it. To see a complete list push F1 and type “Shortcut Keys”.

Quick Help
 To get quick help on any menu item push Shift+F1 and click the menu item

Insert Today’s Date
 To insert Today’s date push Ctrl+; (semicolon)

Insert Current Time
 To insert the current time push Ctrl+Shift+: (Colon)

Show the Paste Function (Function Wizard)
 Push Ctrl+F3

Show the GoTo dialog
 Push F5

Show the Paste Names dialog
 Push F3. This will only work if you have named ranges.

Name a Range
 To name a selected range, click in the “Name box” (far left on the formula bar) and type a one word name.

Go To a Named Range
 To go to a named range select it from the “Name box” (far left of the formula bar). Or push F5.

Edit a Named Range
 To delete or edit a named range go to Insert>Name>Define or Push Ctrl+F3.

Headings as Range Names
 Highlight your range including the headings and go to Insert>Name>Create or push Ctrl+Shift+F3.

Named Formula
 To make a Name refer to a constant formula e.g. “TaxRate”, go to Insert>Name>Define and type TaxRate in the “Names in Workbook” box and 36% in the “Refers To”. Now enter =(10*TaxRate) anywhere on the Worksheet.

Named Range List
 To obtain a list of all Named Ranges and where they refer, select any blank cell (make sure you have no data underneath or 1 column over) and go to Insert>Name>Paste then Paste List.

Nested Formulas
 To help write nested formulas (more than 1 formula in a single cell) use the “Paste Function” i.e. Insert>Function or Shift+F3. Select the function that you need, enter the reference, number or text then select the drop arrow to the left of the formula bar to add more Formulas. Doing it this way ensures all your parentheses are in the correct places.

Debugging Formulas
 To troubleshoot complex formulas select the cell containing it and then click the = (Equal sign) to the left of the formula bar, this will activate the “Paste Function”. To step through your formula simply click in the part of the formula you want to debug.

Personal Help
 To add your own text to any of the Office Assistants help files, push  F1, enter your question then open the file. Go to Options>Annotate and type in your own text then click OK. You will now notice a paperclip symbol next to the heading, this will let you know that you have added your own Help in a way you will understand.

Different Help
 Sometimes the Office Assistant is not very helpful to your needs, so try the “Context and Index” help by either clicking Help>Context and Index or selecting “Help Topics” from any “Help” file.

Customizing Toolbars
 Right click on any Toolbar and select “Customize” or push Ctrl+Shift+F10 twice then “Customize”. Now click the “Commands Tab” and drag menu items both on and off the Toolbars. If things get a bit messy simply click the “Toolbars” tab and click “Reset”. This will return all menu items to their default.

Quick Charts
 To create quick charts, click anywhere within your data and push F11.

Worksheet Template
 Set up your Worksheet how you want it e.g. formatting, formulas etc then delete all other sheets in the Workbook. Now go to File>Save or Alt+F2 and select “Template (*.xlt)” from the “Save as Type”. Type a name and click “Save” Now right click on the sheet tab and select Insert you should see your Template sheet.

Secret Menu
 Click in any cell, then move your mouse pointer over any border of the cell until the mouse pointer changes to an arrow, right click and drag to it’s destination and then release.

Secret Menu 2
 Place a date in any cell, then move your mouse pointer over the bottom  right corner of the cell (Fill handle) until the mouse pointer changes to a small black cross. Now right click and drag to any cell and release.

Quick Cell Move
 Click in the cell(s) then move your mouse pointer over any border until the mouse pointer changes to an arrow, left click and drag to it’s destination and then release.

Quick Cell Copy
 Click in the cell(s) then move your mouse pointer over any border until the mouse pointer changes to an arrow, left click and hold down the  Ctrl key and drag to it’s destination and then release.

Change Formulas to Values
 Click in the cell(s) with the formula(s) then move your mouse pointer over any border until the mouse pointer changes to an arrow, right click and drag to the next cell, now still holding down the right mouse button drag back to where you Start ed and release. Now select Copy here as values only.

Quick List
 To quickly copy down the contents of a cell that has a list in the column to the left or right of it, simply click in the cell you want to copy and then Double click the Fill handle (little black square on the bottom right of the cell).

Fill Blank Cells Within a List
 Let’s say you have a list of entries in column A and within the list you have many blank cells. Here is a quick way to fill those blanks with the value of the cell above. Highlight column A, then push Ctrl+G and click Special then check the  Blanks option and click OK. Now push Equals (=) then the Up arrow and finally holding down the Ctrl key push Enter.

Auto Fill
 To fill a series across columns or down rows type January or Jan in any cell and place your mouse pointer over the bottom right corner of the cell (Fill handle) until the mouser pointer changes to a small black cross. Left click and drag down or across. This can also be done with Numbers, Weekdays, Quarters or any text that ends in a number e.g. Day1.

Custom Auto Fill
 Type your list across columns or down rows. Now go to Tools>Option and select the “Custom Lists” tab. Click the collapse dialog box to the right of the “Import list from cells” box, highlight your range, click the expand dialog and then click “Import”. Or type your entries in the “list Entries” box.

Adding Text to Formulas
 To show a formula result and text or number(s) in the same cell type a & (Ampersand) after the formula then your text/number(s).

Adding Hidden Text to Formulas
 Imagine you have a formula like: =$2018+$1056-4*$120. When you initially wrote it you knew what each number represented, but you come back later and can’t remember. Add a hidden note to your formula by using the N() formula i.e. =$2018+$1056-4*$120+N(“My Wage+Bonus-4 weekly loan repayments”). The N() function will convert text to zero.

Custom Format
 You can format a cell to show any number or text without changing it’s real value using “Custom Format”. To see this type the number 20 in any cell then go to Format>Cells or push Ctrl+1. Select the “Number” tab and then select “Custom.” Using any one of the pre-defined formats type “Twenty” (without quotations) or any text and then click “OK”. To test it use the cell in any formula.

No More Chart Gaps
 If you have a chart that is plotting empty text (“”) or 0 (zero) from a formula then instead of using “” or 0 if the formula is False try using “#N/A” (without the quotations) or the formula =NA(). Or you can hide the Row(s) or Column(s). Either way Excel won’t plot #N/A or hidden Rows or Columns.

My List
 If you have a long list of Text with no blank cells between and you want to see a preview of what is in your list. Click in any cell within your list then right click and select “Pick from list”, If you select one of the entries, Excel will insert it in the cell for you.

Remove Blank Rows
 Highlight your range and go to Edit>Go to>Special and select “Blanks” then “Ok” now go to Edit>Delete or Ctrl+Shift+= (equal) and then select “Entire row” from the “Delete” dialog and click “Ok”.

Sort Out Blank Rows
 The quickest way to remove all blank rows is to select you range then go to Data>Sort.

See Formula cells
 If you have a sheet full of formulas and you want to identify these cells at a glance go to Edit>Go to>Special and select “Formulas” then click “OK”. Now go to Format>Cells or Ctrl+1 and select the “Patterns” tab and choose a color.

En Masse Changes
 To make changes to more than one worksheet at the same time select one of the sheets, hold down your Ctrl key and click on each sheet name tab. Now any data entered one sheet will also be entered on the other(s). When you have finished right click on any of the sheet name tabs and select “Ungroup sheets”.

En Masse Changes 2
 Another way to have changes on one worksheet reflected on other sheets is to make all the changes you want on one sheet then hold down your Ctrl key and select the other sheet tabs. Go to Edit>Fill>Across Worksheets and Excel will give you 3 choices of what to copy to the other sheets i.e. “All”, “Contents” or “Formats”.

Worksheet Copy
 Select the sheet name tab then hold down your Ctrl key and simply drag it to the position you want it.

Paste Reference
 An easy way to reference another cell is to select the cell you wish to reference then right click and select Copy or Ctrl+C then select the cell you want the reference in, right click again and select “Paste Special” then click “Paste Link”

Absolute/Relative Toggle
 If you have a formula you want to make absolute or relative then double click in the cell or F2 then place the insertion point anywhere in the cell address and push F4 1, 2 or 3 times.

Repeat
 To repeat an operation push F4

Undo
 To undo an operation push Ctrl+Z

Linked Picture
 A good alternative to a textbox or any shape is a linked picture that reflects any changes made to its reference. To make one, copy your cell(s), select the destination cell and holding down your Shift key go to Edit<Paste Picture Link.

Run a Macro by Clicking a Cell
 This is possible with use of VBA but let’s face it most people don’t know VBA so here is an easy way. Select the cell you want to run the macro and hold down your Shift key and go to Edit>Copy Picture then select “As shown on screen” from the “Copy Picture” dialog then hold down your Shift key again and go Edit and click “Paste Picture”. Now right click on the cell picture and “Assign Macro”.

Non Formula Result
 Sometimes you just want the result from the Sum, Average, Min, Max etc from a group of cells without typing a formula in a cell. Excel allows you to do this very easily, first highlight the cells you want to evaluate then right click on the “Status Bar” and select the function you want and your result will be displayed in the “Status Bar”.

Reduce File Size
 When you have a workbook that is very large in size you can reduce this dramatically by saving the file as “Microsoft Excel Workbook (*.xls)” as apposed to “Microsoft Excel 5/95 Workbook (*.xls)”. In other words avoid saving as multiple versions whenever possible. Also click here for much more details and other methods.

Cell Navigation
 To move through a group of cells that you are working with without going outside the range highlight the group of cells and then use the “Enter” key to move through them.

Quick Formula Syntax
 When writing formulas for Excel sometimes you just need a quick reminder of the formula syntax. In this is the case then type an equal sign followed by the function name and push Ctrl+Shift+A. For Example typing =Vlookup and then pushing Ctrl+Shift+A will give you: =vlookup(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup). The non-bolded arguments are optional.

How to copy formulas without the reference changing
 This can be achieved by either pressing F2 and then highlighting the formula, Copy, Enter then paste to destination. Or doing the same in the Formular bar. However, this is not much good for large amounts of data, so try this: Select the range of cells with Formulae, use the Ctrl key for non-contiguous ranges. Now go to Edit>Replace and Replace = with #. Copy and paste to your location and then simply use Edit>Replace # with =

How to copy and transpose formulas without the reference changing
 In cell A1 of sheet 2 put: =Sheet1!A1 now copy this down a max of 255 rows. Now with the formulas selected go to Edit>Replace and Replace = with #. Now copy, select cell B1, go to Edit>Paste special and choose Transpose. Delete Column “A” and with Row 1 selected go to Edit>Replace and Replace # with =

Turn a List Upside-Down
 1. Copy the list to another location using Copy, Edit>Paste Special>Value.
 2. Now select all data in the list, go to Tools>Options>Custom Lists.
 3. Ensure the list address is in the “Import list from cells:” and click “Import”.
 4. Now go back to the column next to your list and in the top cell place the LAST entry from your list.
 5. Now in the cell below, place the second last entry.
 6. Select both cells and double click on the Fill Handle (small black square bottom right).

 The list should now be reversed. You could now also sort you original list using Data>Sort>Options, nominate your list then sort!

Formula Errors
 Whenever typing one of Excels functions (especially nested ones) into a cell always use lower case. This way when you push Enter Excel will capitalize only the names of the functions you have entered correctly.

Entering Named Ranges Into Formulas
 When you write a formula, sometimes you want to use a Named Range as one of the arguments for the formula, but you cannot remember the name. In these times simply push F3 when you reach the argument that you want the Named Range in and Excel will display the Paste Name dialog. Click the name you want then  OK.

Optional Function Arguments
 Sometimes you may not be sure what arguments in a function are optional and which are not. If your using the Paste Function (Function Wizard) then the non-bolded arguments are optional.

Sort by more than 3 Columns
 Excels sort feature only allows to nominate up to 3 columns to sort by, here is how to get around this. The key to this is sorting by the last key first and working back to the first key. Say you data is in Column A:E and you want to sort by A, B, C , D then E

 1. Select all of Columns A:E
 2. Go to Data>Sort> sort by C then by D then by E
 3. Click Sort
 4. Now again with Columns A:E selected
 5. Go to Data>Sort> sort by A then by B
 6. Click Sort

Keylogger is a software program or hardware device that is used to monitor and log each of the keys a user types into a computer keyboard. The user who installed the program or hardware device can then view all keys typed in by that user. Because these programs and hardware devices monitor the keys typed in a user can easily find user passwords and other information a user may not wish others to know about.

Keyloggers, as a surveillance tool, are often used by employers to ensure employees use work computers for business purposes only. Unfortunately, keyloggers can also be embedded in spyware allowing your information to be transmitted to an unknown third party.

A keylogger is a program that runs in the background, recording all the keystrokes. Once keystrokes are logged, they are hidden in the machine for later retrieval, or shipped raw to the attacker. The attacker then peruses them carefully in the hopes of either finding passwords, or possibly other useful information that could be used to compromise the system or be used in a social engineering attack. For example, a keylogger will reveal the contents of all e-mail composed by the user. Keylogger is commonly included in rootkits.

A keylogger normally consists of two files: a DLL which does all the work and an EXE which loads the DLL and sets the hook. Therefore when you deploy the hooker on a system, two such files must be present in the same directory.

There are other approaches to capturing info about what you are doing.

Some keyloggers capture screens, rather than keystrokes.
Other keyloggers will secretly turn on video or audio recorders, and transmit what they capture over your internet connection.

A keyloggers might be as simple as an exe and a dll that are placed on a machine and invoked at boot via an entry in the registry. Or a keyloggers could be which boasts these features:

Stealth: invisible in process list
Includes kernel keylogger driver that captures keystrokes even when user is logged off (Windows 2000 / XP)
ProBot program files and registry entries are hidden (Windows 2000 / XP)
Includes Remote Deployment wizard
Active window titles and process names logging
Keystroke / password logging
Regional keyboard support
Keylogging in NT console windows
Launched applications list
Text snapshots of active applications.
Visited Internet URL logger
Capture HTTP POST data (including logins/passwords)
File and Folder creation/removal logging
Mouse activities
Workstation user and timestamp recording
Log file archiving, separate log files for each user
Log file secure encryption
Password authentication
Invisible operation
Native GUI session log presentation
Easy log file reports with Instant Viewer 2 Web interface
HTML and Text log file export
Automatic E-mail log file delivery
Easy setup & uninstall wizards
Support for Windows (R) 95/98/ME and Windows (R) NT/2000/XP

Because a keylogger can involve dozens of files, and has as a primary goal complete stealth from the user, removing one manually can be a terrifying challenge to any computer user. Incorrect removal efforts can result in damage to the operating system, instability, inability to use the mouse or keyboard, or worse. Further, some key loggers will survive manual efforts to remove them, re-installing themselves before the user even reboots.

It’s late in the evening and you’re at home, using your computer to update a document you need for work the next day. You make your final changes, save the document, and submit it to print. You turn to the printer, only to find nothing there. You print the document again, and again get nothing. Thinking that maybe there’s something wrong with the printer connection, you decide to reboot your computer.

But you’re getting error messages that you’ve never seen before. After clicking on two or three dozen “Okay” buttons, your computer finally starts booting up again, and you sigh in relief. Until you start getting error messages stating that certain files are out of date or can’t be located. Eventually your computer comes back up, but it seems that everything has gone wonky. Programs load with errors, or don’t load at all. Utilities that worked fine last night lock up when you try to launch them, including your virus-scanning software. In short, something’s very, very wrong.

Ordinarily this would mean taking your computer into a repair site and have a tech look at it to determine the problem. The fix could be as simple as running a few utilities on the computer, or as complex as rebuilding the hard drive from scratch. Even the simpler solution can be expensive. But if you are running Windows XP as your operating system, you may not need to go into a blind panic. A utility included with Windows XP called System Restore allows you to recover your hard drive from a previous point in time. In effect, you’re turning back the clock to a point in the past where your computer was working properly.

Give Me a Reason
Why would you restore your computer to, say, yesterday afternoon’s settings? There are plenty of reasons why you might want, or need, to do so. The incident described above could be caused by a virus that got through your computer’s firewall and installed itself on your computer. Remember the new game you installed on your computer late last night? It could have overwritten system files in the operating system, replacing them with older files, or deleting required files altogether. Maybe somebody got a little trigger-happy with the mouse when selecting files to erase from the system, deleting required system files. Then there’s always the possibility of an “act of God”, like a power outage or power surge, which may have corrupted system data on the computer.

Convinced? Good. So how does System Restore work? Let’s take a look.

Start at the Beginning
When Windows XP is installed on a computer system, the System Restore utility is turned on by default, so you don’t have to do anything to start the process. System Restore also automatically creates “restore points”, points in time you can select for restoring your computer. They’re usually created when a new program is installed, or updates to the existing system are implemented (generally through the Internet). Good news.

Unfortunately Windows XP isn’t consistent about the frequency of creating these restore points. You might go two or three days before an incident occurs where the operating system feels it’s necessary to create a restore point. Not-so-good news. However, you can go in yourself and manually create a restore point any time you want, say, just before you install a new program. If you’ll do this on a regular basis, even once a day, you’ll have a good number of points from which to restore if you ever need to.

A Good Recovery Place
You may want to create a restore point of your own, or need to find a restore point to recover your system. In either case, you start the same way. In the menu bar at the bottom of the desktop, click on Start, then Help and Support (the blue question mark icon). Under “Pick a Task” in the right column of the window that appears on your screen, select the option marked Undo changes to your computer with System Restore. This launches the System Restore utility, bringing it up in a new window.

If you want to create a new restore point, select the second option in the menu and click Next. You can enter an appropriate description for this restore point, and then click on Create. Windows XP automatically attaches your description and the date and time from your computer system to the restore point and adds it to the calendar list. Click on Close and that’s it – you’ve created a restore point. You can go on with your work (or play) now.

When You Need Some Restoration
If you need to restore your system to an earlier date and time, in the System Restore menu select the first option in the menu and click Next. You can use the calendar on the left side of the window and the restore points described on the right side of the window to pick the particular restore point you wish to use. Once you’ve selected the desired restore point, click on Next, and then Next again to start the restore process. Don’t power down your computer during this process, as you could end up with some serious issues if the restore process doesn’t complete properly. (Helpful hint: Don’t do a restore if there’s a possibility you might have a power outage, such as during a thunderstorm!) Once the restore is done, the computer reboots, you log in, and there you are – your system is the way it was at the date and time of the selected restore point.

Helpful Hints
You’ll avoid a lot of grief if you follow a few guidelines when using System Restore.

Regularly create manual restore points. It only takes a few minutes to create a restore point. Even if you only do this once or twice a week, it gives you that many more options to choose from when you need to select a restore point.

ALWAYS create a restore point before adding anything new to your computer! Whether you’re adding a new printer, installing a second hard drive, or upgrading your favorite software program, create a restore point before starting the process. If anything happens and problems develop, you can restore your computer to the way it was before the installation started.

Save important data before starting a restore. Remember that anything that has changed on your computer between the time of the restore point and the time you begin the restore will be reset to the way it was at the time of the restore point. If your restore point is from ten days ago, every program and data file you have added to your computer in that ten-day period will be gone. Files that were on the computer at the time of the restore point and that you have deleted since then will be back on the computer after the restore. So if you have files on the computer that you want to keep, copy them to diskette or RAM stick, or burn to a CD, before you start the restore process.

I observe all the time with my home pc customers. Their computer, for whatever reason, has been rendered unbootable and they are suddenly (and understandably) worried about the contents of the hard drive. Whether it’s hundreds (or thousands) of rupees/dollars worth of downloaded music and movies, software that was purchased and paid for online, countless hours of work on personal or business documents or the unthinkable loss of all their family photos, the sudden realization that you have never safeguarded these things can be a very unsettling prospect.

One of the first questions I ask when someone calls and tells me that their pc won’t start is if they have a recent backup of their data. It’s very rare for anyone to answer that question in the affirmative. Usually, after a moment of silence, the customer will sheepishly admit that they always intended to start backing up but never did because… [insert your favorite excuse here]. I always hate to hear this because backing up your data is vitally important and (here’s the BIG SECRET) it’s not at all difficult.

There are backup utilities and services available to consumers now that make the process so simple and automated that anyone can do it easily and quickly. And the best part is, there are so many competing products you will easily find one to fit your budget if you shop around. One word of caution, though. Don’t use the built-in backup utility in Windows. Yeah, I know, it’s already there and it’s “free”.

Trust me though, it’s cumbersome, featureless and not very dependable. You won’t like it so you won’t use it and then the next time your hard drive crashes (it will happen sooner or later), you won’t have a backup. I’ve seen it happen too many times! Third party software is definitely the way to go.

Anyway, whatever backup application you decide to use, It’s important to understand what needs to be backed up. Following is a list of things you should DEFINITELY include in your backups:

The ‘My Documents Folder’ - This is hands down the most critical folder for most people in terms of data backup. This is where all of your personal and sometimes irreplaceable data is stored. By default, it contains all of your photos, music, documents, videos, etc. In some cases, such as photos and home videos, if these items are lost or corrupted, they are gone forever and cannot be replaced. (Imagine telling your wife that all of the baby pictures are gone!)

Your Accounting Data - If you use personal or business accounting software on your pc, backing up the data file on a regular basis is an absolute MUST! Enough said.

Your Email Address Book - You have a lot of important contact information that you have gathered over the years. Backing up this data is especially critical if you are a business person and you utilize email in your daily business schedule.
 
A couple of things you may want to consider backing up even though they aren’t critical are:

Your Internet ‘Favorites’ Folder - Although it’s not the end of the world if the contents of this folder are lost, trying to remeber the url’s of your favorite websites can be a daunting task.
 
Your Windows User Settings – These are the setting that ‘personalize’ your user account. Desktop backgrounds, screensavers, etc.

Things you don’t need to bother with backing up include:

Windows – You should already have a copy of your OS on disk.

Any programs that you installed from disks – You need to back up the data files, but not the program itself. Reinstall that from the disk.